How is cassava propagation

To complete the manuring, you can apply mineral fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. However, the yield of cassava falls greatly when the soil lacks potassium fertilizers. If the farmer applies fertilizers and looks after his plantation well, the yield of cassava reaches 25 to 65 tons per hectare.

How to propagate cassava Cassava is propagated by cuttings, by planting pieces of stem. The roots of cassava are not used for making a new plantation, and thus all the harvest can be eaten or sold.

To make cuttings, choose stems 2 to 4 centimetres thick, from the strongest plants which are not diseased and which have already produced tubers. After the harvest, tie the selected stems in bundles.

Wait at least 10 days before planting them. Keep the bundles in a cool, dry place until planting time. But remember that the cuttings must not be made from the stems until you are ready to plant. Cut each stem into pieces 20 to 30 centimetres long. There should be 4 to 6 growth buds on each piece. Each stem can be made into 4 or 5 cuttings. How to plant cassava To plant cassava, push into the soil the end of the piece of stem that was nearer to the ground.

Plant the cuttings in mounds or ridges. Plant when the soil is quite wet, after the beginning of the rainy season. Plant the cuttings either straight or slanting. Push them well into the earth, leaving only 2 or 3 buds above ground. Cassava cuttings may be planted straight or slating Press the earth well down round the cuttings. Then the roots that develop will be well nourished by the soil. Usually the rows are 1 to 1. With this spacing, there are between 7 and 10 cassava plants to the hectare.

The leaves are high in protein which is unusual for leafy greens, and the swollen roots are a source of starch, just like potato. As nourishing as cassava is, all parts of the plant are poisonous until cooked because it contains cyanide compounds.

Jerry says, "Before you panic, it's all in the preparation. Use fresh, white cassava from the garden and boil the roots for 20 minutes. Just boil or steam the leaves for 2 minutes and they're perfectly safe to eat. Autumn is the time to propagate cassava and it's very easy to grow, using cuttings of old, mature brown wood. It's Cassava also known as 'manihot' and it's humanity's third largest source of carbohydrate. It's prized in Africa because there it tolerates long winter droughts and summer rains and it's these qualities that make Cassava an ideal choice for my Brisbane food garden.

Cassava is a frost sensitive, woody shrub in the Euphorbia family and most people will have eaten it as tapioca, made from Cassava flour. But the leaves are a high protein green and the swollen roots are a source of starch, just like potato. As nourishing as Cassava is, all parts of the plants are poisonous. They contain cyanide compounds.

In contrast, plantlets with greater height were obtained from leaf buds from the upper plant region with 6 and 8 MAP From 8 MAP, the plantlets presented a sharp decrease in sprouting percentage, plantlet height and total dry mass.

In Brazil recommended cassava varieties are widely adopted by farmers but the area planted with improved varieties increased slowly due to the typically low multiplication rate of this crop. Therefore, the development of rapid multiplication technologies can bring several opportunities to multiply breeder and certified seeds of new varieties rapidly for easy availability to farmers. In this study we described the technique of rapid multiplication of cassava using leaf buds as a viable strategy to be incorporated into the cassava seeds system.

The main results showed that in general, plantlets from leaf buds excised from mother plants with 6 MAP showed the highest sprouting percentage, height and total dry mass, resulting in more vigorous cassava plantlets. According to Alves Alves, A.

The highest sprout quality of cassava plantlets from leaf buds was obtained from herbaceous apical stems, with an increase in sprout and plantlet quality due to the lower degree of tissue lignification. These results are similar to those observed by Bona et al.

Influence of cutting type and size on rooting of Lavandula dentata L. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais The plantlets from the most lignified parts of the plant showed less development of the root system resulting in the production of lower quality plantlets.

Moreover, regardless of these exceptions, there was a strong tendency for lower sprouting percentage, plantlet height and total dry mass from the top to the bottom parts of the cassava stems. Species of asexual propagation can present different responses to rooting, depending on the cutting type Hartmann et al. We observed that different cassava varieties that were planted under the same conditions presented different levels of development and physiological maturation.

In the case of clone , the leaf buds from the lower part of the stem were more developed than the leaf buds of the BRS Kiriris variety from the same stem position.

The positive effect on the cassava vigor promoted by the treatment with agrochemicals can be explained by the ability of certain of the products to promote the so-called phytotonic effect in addition to the protective effect which generally activates physiological reactions in plants that result in an increase in germination and vigor Horii et al. Enhancement of seed vigor following insecticide and phenolic elicitor treatment.

Bioresource Technology One of these products is the insecticide thiamethoxam, from the group of neonicotinoids Maienfisch et al. Chemistry and biology of thiamethoxam: a second generation neonicotinoid.

Pest Management Science Some fungicides can also have positive physiological effects on plants and promote better germination and seed vigor Matos et al. Health and physiological quality of corn seeds treated with fungicides and assessed during storage. Journal of Seed Science The use of thiamethoxam, in addition to the fungicides metalaxyl-M, thiabendazole and fludioxonil, for the development of cassava plantlets has been examined, and leaf bud analysis suggests that the use of these agrochemicals has more than a protective effect on the plantlets Matos et al.

Therefore, the significant differences observed in the three agronomic traits demonstrated that the chemical treatment should be performed on a large-scale production of plantlets from leaf buds considering the greater vigor and better rooting of the treated plantlets. The results showed that even when using agrochemical treatment the average trait values of plantlets from the leaf buds of the middle and lower regions of the stems did not exceed the corresponding means of the plantlets derived from the upper region for height and total dry mass traits.

On the other hand, in rapid propagation of cassava such as by the leaf bud technique, the use of buds from the whole mother plant can increase the multiplication rate. An important aspect of choosing a clonal multiplication method is the time required to achieve plant production goals. This is especially important for cassava where annual rates of propagation are very low to , depending on the variety.

Therefore, any method that can promote improvements of these multiplication rates will certainly have important impacts, whether in the dissemination of a new variety or the rapid establishment of large plantations to meet industrial demands.

This same observation applies to plantlet height 8. Although the number of leaf buds according to harvest time was not counted it is possible to realistically speculate that about 30 leaf buds were produced per plant up to 6 MAP.

The plant is not known to occur wild but may have first been cultivated in Brazil. Cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics, after rice and maize.

It is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. It is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on marginal soils. Adekunle, A. Growing Cassava Commercially in Nigeria. Free to access. Manihot esculenta datasheet. Paid subscription required. James, B. Starting a Cassava Farm.

International Institute for Tropical Agriculture. Circular or irregular brown spots with darker margin between leaf veins on older leaves; centers of lesions may drop out givinf leaves a shothole appearance; if infection is severe, leaves may turn yellow, dry out and drop from the plant. Remove leaves and crop debris from around plants to prevent disease spreading; remove weeds from around crop. Severe cases- leaf drying, shoot die-back 4. In Tuber - Brown and hard rot when you cut into it.

It was first reported in 's in Tanzania and become endemic in later years. There is considerable concern that it will appear in the major West African growing regions, notably Nigeria. The virus is transmitted through whiteflies and stem cuttings. The origin of CBSD is suspected to have arisen from the viruses that are already present on the indigenous African flora. Virus structure and properties: The microscopic studies revealed that the virus is nm long and earlier it was believe to be carlavirus.

But further studies associate the virus to Ipomovirus. As such the threat from CBSD seems inevitable due to its presence in many eastern African countries and its rate of transmission westwards to the major growing regions in Nigeria which produced If the disease is unchecked it may cause 2 billion dollar in loss in Nigeria alone and lead to increase widespread poverty and malnutrition in West and Central Africa. Disease diagnosis: The first and foremost important aspect is to identify the disease correctly.

Cassava brown streak disease varies in symptoms which made it difficult to identify in the field. It makes further complicated if both cassava brown streak and cassava mosaic diseases occur together. There are few techniques like serological and molecular methods are used to identify the virus in laboratory but have their limitations.

Planting materials: Use only healthy and disease free cuttings for planting. Resistant cultivars: Plant cassava varieties that are more tolerant of brown streak virus such as Garukunsubire and Seruruseke.

Roguing and sanitation: Remove and destroy any plants which are symptomatic of the disease including alternative hosts. Early Harvesting of tubers: Harvest crop early to avoid severe losses due to necrosis of tubers. Follow proper plant quarantine practices to avoid spread of virus to new region. Control insect vector: Whiteflies can be controlled by encouraging beneficial insects in the field like spiders, ladybird beetles etc. Use yellow sticky traps to monitor infestation of whiteflies.

Spraying insecticidal soaps under leaf surface to kill flies. Discolored pale green, yellow or white mottled leaves which may be distorted with a reduced size; in highly susceptible cassava cultivars plant growth may be stunted, resulting in poor root yield and low quality stem cuttings. Note that infected plants can express a range of symptoms and the exact symptoms depend on the species of virus and the strain as well as the environmental conditions and and the sensitivity of the cassava host.

Patches of discolouration chlorosis in the leaves that vary from yellow to green. The leaves display size variation and are often severely distorted.